[144] Tracking insect infestations in stored grain is critical for food safety as well as for the marketing value of the crop. Leaves emerge from the shoot apical meristem in a telescoping fashion until the transition to reproduction ie. [10], Note: All nutrient values including protein and fiber are in %DV per 100 grams of the food item. [citation needed] If the raw wheat is broken into parts at the mill, as is usually done, the outer husk or bran can be used several ways, Wheat is a major ingredient in such foods as bread, porridge, crackers, biscuits, muesli, pancakes, pasta and noodles, pies, pastries, pizza, polenta and semolina, cakes, cookies, muffins, rolls, doughnuts, gravy, beer, vodka, boza (a fermented beverage), and breakfast cereals. White wheats have a lower content of phenolics and browning enzymes, and are generally less astringent in taste than red wheats. Some wheat species are diploid, with two sets of chromosomes, but many are stable polyploids, with four sets of chromosomes (tetraploid) or six (hexaploid). The varieties of wheat created through these methods are in the hundreds (going as far back as 1960), more of them being created in higher populated countries such as China. aestivumが生まれたといわれる。, コムギの栽培はメソポタミア地方で始まり、紀元前3000年頃にはヨーロッパやアフリカに伝えられた。テル・アブ・フレイラなどから採掘された古代の野生種ムギはもともと成熟すると麦穂が風などにより容易に飛び散る性質を持っており、当初のコムギも収穫には非常に手間のかかる作物であったと考えられている。このため、その貴重さと保蔵のしやすさから一種の交換の媒体、通貨として取り扱われていたのではないかと推測されている。シリア地方からヨーロッパなどに栽培の範囲が広がるにつれて品種淘汰がなされ、この種子の飛び散りやすさの特性が失われ、主食穀物としての座を獲得することになった。栽培植物化の時期はオオムギの方がやや早く、当初はオオムギの方が重要な作物であった。これは、オオムギの収量の多さや収穫時期の早さ、粒の大きさなどによる。また、この時期はコムギもオオムギも粥として煮て食べるものであったため、調理方法の差が重要となることはなかった。しかし、製粉技術が進歩し石臼が登場すると、粉食により美味さが増し、グルテンを持ち様々な料理へと加工することが容易なコムギがオオムギに代わって最重要の作物となっていった。製粉のための水車を人類初の機械発明とする説もある。, 聖書の中にも頻繁に「麦」や「小麦」が登場し、重要な作物であったことがわかる。聖書の中で小麦が最初に登場するのは、最初の書である『創世記』（30章14節）である。, 中国への小麦の伝来は四千年前頃で、粉食用として広く栽培される様に成ったのは三千年前頃である。これは小麦が冬作物で、粟は稲（米）の端境期に収穫されたためで、七千年前から栽培が行われていた大麦とは対照的である[6]。, 中世にはヨーロッパでは既にコムギが最も重要な作物となっていたが、特に農民や下層の都市住民にはコムギだけで作られたパンは贅沢品であり、オオムギやエンバク、ライムギといった安価な穀物が食生活の中心となっていた[7]。一方で栽培されるコムギにおいても、パンコムギはエンマーコムギやスペルトコムギよりも優勢であり、より高く評価されていた。パンコムギには易脱穀性があり、難脱穀性のエンマーコムギやスペルトコムギに比べ脱穀の手間が少なかったためである[8]。, 大航海時代に入ると、新大陸に移住したヨーロッパ人植民者たちが故郷からコムギを持ち込んで栽培し、新大陸においても基幹食料となっていった。アメリカ合衆国やカナダ、オーストラリアといった現在のコムギ主要生産国にコムギが持ち込まれたのもこの時期のことである。また、18世紀頃からヨーロッパでは徐々に市民の生活が向上し、また農法の改善や生産地の拡大によってコムギ生産が拡大するとともにコムギが食生活の中心となっていき、量の面でもライムギにかわってコムギが中心となっていった[9]。, 20世紀後半、ノーマン・ボーローグらによる小麦農林10号を親としたコムギの短稈種の研究が進められ、肥料を多量に使用しても丈が高くならず、倒伏の危険なしに大量の収穫が見込める品種が次々と開発された。この研究から緑の革命がおこり、これによって多収量の上安定した収穫が望める新品種が発展途上国を中心に普及し、メキシコなど多くの発展途上国でコムギは大幅な増収となり、生産性も大幅に改善された。その一方、旱魃など災害による地域的な不作もなくなってはいない。, 中国経由で伝来されたと考えられている日本でも約2000年前の遺跡から小麦が出土しており、伝わったのはそれから遠くない弥生時代であると考えられている。奈良・平安期には五穀の1つとして重視された（『和名類聚抄』には「古牟岐（コムギ）・末牟岐（マムギ＝「真麦」）」の名で伝わる）。一方で収穫前の大麦・小麦の青草を貴族や有力豪族が農民から買い上げて馬の飼料にすることが行われ、当時の政府がこれを禁止する太政官符が度々発令（751年、808年、819年、839年）されており、稲や粟と比較して食用作物としての認識が十分に広まっていなかったとする見方もある。ただ、これには当時の日本に製粉用の石臼がほとんど普及していない、という事情があった。柔らかい胚乳が硬い表皮で覆われた構造の麦粒を食用にするには、全体をひき潰してから小麦粉とふすまに分離する必要がある。回転式の石臼を持たない庶民は、搗き臼を使っての非効率な製粉作業に甘んじるしかなかった。その手間を嫌い、手早く利益を得る方法として小麦を飼料用に販売したとも考えられる。それ以降もコムギは全国で栽培され続けたが、製粉技術が未発達だったために使用法が限定されていた。それでも鎌倉時代にはいって二毛作が始まると、稲の裏作作物としてコムギが採用され、室町時代に入ると米に比べてムギの税率が軽かったために裏作でのコムギの栽培量が急速に増加した。, 日本では製粉技術の発達が遅れたため、小麦その他「粉」を使用した食品は長らく贅沢品とされた。庶民がうどん、饅頭、ほうとう、すいとんなどの粉食品を気軽に口にできるようになったのは、石臼が普及した江戸時代以降である。稲の裏作として麦の生産が盛んに行われるようになり、粒のまま食べるオオムギと粉にして食べるコムギがともに食用として栽培された。都市では小麦粉を使用したうどんや天ぷらといった料理や饅頭などの和菓子の消費が大きくなる一方、自家消費の割合の大きい農村では製粉という手間のかかるコムギは日常ではなかなか口にできるものではなかった。このため、コムギなどの粉食はハレの日の料理として扱われることが多かった。, 明治時代に入り、欧米からパンなど様々なコムギ料理が伝わってくるとコムギの消費も増大した。明治時代初期には36万ヘクタールだった栽培面積は、大正時代には50万ヘクタール、最も栽培面積の大きくなった第二次世界大戦中には70万から80万ヘクタールにのぼるようになった。第二次世界大戦後には学校給食がはじまり、パン主体の給食と食の欧米化、多様化はコムギの消費をさらに拡大させた。一方で、アメリカなどから安いコムギが大量に入ってくるようになったことや二毛作自体の衰退、そして1963年の三八豪雪と夏の多雨により小麦生産が大打撃を受けたことにより、栽培面積は急速に減少して、1963年には栽培面積60万ヘクタール、自給率20%前後だったものが、1973年には栽培面積は7.5万ヘクタールにまで減少し、自給率はわずか4%となった[10]。その後、減反政策によってコムギの生産が奨励され、生産はやや復調傾向にある[11]。2005年には栽培面積は21万ヘクタール、自給率は14%となっている[10]。, コムギは、温帯から亜寒帯にかけて栽培されている。比較的乾燥に強く、生産限界は年間降水量500 mmである。灌漑設備が整っている場合は、さらに乾燥した地域でも栽培できる。, 地域別ではアジア州が4割強、ヨーロッパ州が3割強、北アメリカ州が1割強となる。国際連合食糧農業機関の統計資料 (FAOSTAT) によると[12]、2006年の世界生産量は6億0595万トン。これは米の生産量（6億3461万トン）に匹敵する。トウモロコシ（6億9523万トン、2006年）についで生産量の多い農作物である。上位5位までの生産国、すなわち、中華人民共和国、インド、アメリカ合衆国、ロシア、フランスで総生産量のちょうど5割を生産している。, コムギの反収は、国によって大きな差がある。2012年の10アール当たりの反収は、集約型の農業が行われているヨーロッパでは、フランスが760 kg、ドイツが733 kg、イギリスが666 kgと非常に多収である[13]。日本では411 kgであり、ヨーロッパ諸国の3分の2程度である[14]。これは、日本では、本州以南では、水田稲作の裏作として副次的に作付されることが多く、コムギに最適な土壌管理等がなされにくいこと、また、北海道以外では、コムギの登熟期が梅雨にかかってしまい、収穫量や品質に重大な影響をあたえることがしばしばあるためである。なお、コムギの大生産国であるアメリカ合衆国では311 kg、オーストラリアでは215 kgと反収は低い。カザフスタンに至っては79 kgと、主要な生産国の中では最低レベルである[13]。こういった国々では反収の低さを農園の広大さで補い、粗放栽培型の農業が行われている。ちなみに、コムギにおいては反収は先進国と発展途上国の間に明確な差は見られない。エジプトや、1980年代から1990年代にかけてのジンバブエ（ジンバブエ政府の政策により、2000年代には350 kg前後にまで激減した）のように10アール当たりの反収が550 kgから650 kgにものぼり、世界最高水準に達している途上国もある一方で、ロシアの反収は177 kgと、フランスの4分の1未満にすぎない[13]。, 日本の生産量は、86万300トン（2005年）、うち北海道での生産が全体の65%を占める。世界的に問題となる生育期の降水量に関しては、本州以南も申し分ないが、逆に、本州の多くでは、収穫期に梅雨入りしてしまい、コムギの収量・品質に多大な影響を与えてしまうため、国内では梅雨がない北海道が、栽培に適するためである[15]（熟したコムギは水分を得ると発芽する〈穂発芽〉。穂発芽を起こしたコムギの値段は一気に下がる[15]）。 In developing economies, obtaining reliable price data for policy and public planning in a timely fashion is challeng- ing due to lack of monitoring infrastruc… Garnsey Peter. I am just writing this from my personal experience. The unknown grass has never been identified among non extinct wild grasses, but the closest living relative is Aegilops speltoides. Agcapita Farmland Investment Partnership - Peak oil v. Peak Wheat, July 1, 2008, Credit Suisse First Boston, Higher Agricultural Prices: Opportunities and Risks, November 2007, Food Production May Have to Double by 2030 - Western Spectator, Learn how and when to remove this template message, International wheat production statistics, "Crops/World Total/Wheat/Area Harvested/2014 (pick list)", "World food situation: FAO cereal supply and demand brief", "Crops/World Total/Wheat/Production Quantity/2014 (pick list)", "Food security: The challenge of feeding 9 billion people", "Review: The contribution of wheat to human diet and health", Community Research and Development Information Service, "Genetic markers signal increased crop productivity potential", "The Oslo definitions for coeliac disease and related terms", "μCT trait analysis reveals morphometric differences between domesticated temperate small grain cereals and their wild relatives". A raw yellow dent corn 16th December ,2013 ORYZA RICE News Shared by Riceplus Magazine - Free download as PDF File (.pdf), Text File (.txt) or read online for free. [126] The largest importers of wheat in 2016 were, in order of imported quantities: Indonesia (10.5 million tonnes), Egypt (8.7 million tonnes), Algeria (8.2 million tonnes), Italy (7.7 million tonnes) and Spain (7.0 million tonnes). In Medieval England, farmers saved one-quarter of their wheat harvest as seed for the next crop, leaving only three-quarters for food and feed consumption. The popularity of foods made from wheat flour creates a large demand for the grain, even in economies with significant food surpluses. The archaeological record suggests that wheat was first cultivated in the regions of the Fertile Crescent around 9600 BCE. In the United States over 500 varieties are available. [8] In addition to gaps in farming system technology and knowledge, some large wheat grain-producing countries have significant losses after harvest at the farm and because of poor roads, inadequate storage technologies, inefficient supply chains and farmers' inability to bring the produce into retail markets dominated by small shopkeepers. The fiber and gluten found in wheat … F raw green soybeans 国内の栽培品種についても、梅雨の存在が影を落としている。とりわけ東北南部以南では、水田における裏作として伝統的に栽培されてきた、登熟が早く、収穫期の多湿多雨に比較的強い、うどん等の在来麺類向けの品種が専ら生産され、パン向けは国内生産の半分に満たない。これは、パン向けのコムギは、特に収穫期の高温多湿多雨に弱いため、国内では品質・収量ともに安定的な生産が難しく、農家が敬遠する傾向があるため[15]である。しかし、近年のコムギ国際価格の高騰と、製パン向けの国内産小麦に対する根強い国内需要があることから、パン向けの品種改良や、数少ない国内産のパン用小麦の争奪戦がおこなわれている。, コムギは最も貿易量が多い穀物である。2005年時点の総輸出量は1億2027万トン、総輸入量は1億2018万トン[注 1]。例えばトウモロコシの総輸出量は8964万トン、米は2503万トンに過ぎない。輸出国はアメリカ合衆国2749万トン (22.9%)、フランス1602万トン (13.3%)、カナダ1398万トン (11.6%)、オーストラリア1392万トン (11.6%)、アルゼンチン1042万トン (8.7%) の順であり、この5か国だけで全輸出量の2/3を占める。輸入国は、スペイン (6.2%)、エジプト、イタリア、アルジェリア、日本、ブラジル、インドネシアの順に多い。この5か国で全輸入量の35%を占める。日本の輸入量は全輸入量の4.6%。, 日本のコムギ輸入相手国は、アメリカ合衆国 (55.9%)、オーストラリア (22.2%)、カナダ (21.2%) であり、その他の国は0.7%に過ぎない。, 第四十五条 麦等の輸入を行おうとする者は、国際約束に従って農林水産大臣が定めて告示する額に、当該輸入に係る麦等の数量を乗じて得た額を、政府に納付しなければならない。ただし、次に掲げる場合は、この限りでない。 [18][19] Genetic analysis of wild einkorn wheat suggests that it was first grown in the Karacadag Mountains in southeastern Turkey. Get Lokwan Wheat at best price from Lokwan Wheat Retailers, sellers, traders, exporters & wholesalers listed at ExportersIndia Matka roti is made from Lokwan wheat which is locally grown.The flour is mixed with water and kneaded till it is thick and has.. Satta Matka Check Kalyan Matka Result, Matka Game, Kalyan Satta, Milan Day, Rajdhani Night, Time Bazar, Bond Satta, Online Matka Game and Fix Jodi Open Close Panel Today At Sattamatkabond Venetsia - täynnä taikaa. [20] With the anomalous exception of two grains from Iraq ed-Dubb, the earliest carbon-14 date for einkorn wheat remains at Abu Hureyra is 7800 to 7500 years BCE. "Overall, the harvest year had a more significant effect on protein composition than the cultivar. It is carefully ground using modern 'chakki - grinding' process which ensures that AASHIRVAAD Atta contains 0% Maida and is 100% Sampoorna Atta. [105][104] Other diseases triggered by eating wheat are non-coeliac gluten sensitivity[105][15] (estimated to affect 0.5% to 13% of the general population[106]), gluten ataxia, and dermatitis herpetiformis. emmer and durum wheat) are derived from wild emmer, T. dicoccoides. The name of a wheat species from one information source may not be the name of a wheat species in another. Several factors are currently slowing the rate of global expansion of wheat production: population growth rates are falling while wheat yields continue to rise. [118], In 2017, global wheat production was 772 million tonnes, led by China, India, and Russia, collectively providing 41% of the world total. In 1998, the price at harvest of a 60 pounds (27 kg) bushel[114] was $2.68 per. [38] While the roots of a wheat plant are growing, the plant also accumulates an energy store in its stem, in the form of fructans,[39] which helps the plant to yield under drought and disease pressure,[40] but it has been observed that there is a trade-off between root growth and stem non-structural carbohydrate reserves. Wheat cereal is used extensively as wheat flour for making cereals, chapattis, breads and other baked products in different countries. [21], Remains of harvested emmer from several sites near the Karacadag Range have been dated to between 8600 (at Cayonu) and 8400 BCE (Abu Hureyra), that is, in the Neolithic period. For this reason, awned varieties could become more widely grown due to climate change. Biological Control News Volume II, Number 10 October 1995, CSIRO Rodent Management Research Focus: Mice plagues, "ARS, Industry Cooperation Yields Device to Detect Insects in Stored Wheat", Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wheat&oldid=997726575, Articles with dead external links from May 2020, Articles with permanently dead external links, Articles with dead external links from May 2016, Articles with unsourced statements from June 2020, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2020, Articles needing additional references from October 2016, All articles needing additional references, Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017, Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from May 2017, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2018, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from Citizendium, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Grain color (red, white or amber). Products like Dalia, Maida, Atta, and Sooji are made from Wheat. Vous avez cherché: wheat lokwan (Anglais - Tamoul) Appel API Contributions humaines Réalisées par des traducteurs professionnels, des entreprises, des pages web ou traductions disponibles gratuitement. flowering. These remains were dated by Willem van Zeist and his assistant Johanna Bakker-Heeres to 8800 BCE. C raw hard red winter wheat There were significant profitability differences between low- and high-cost farms, due to crop yield differences, location, and farm size. [6][95][96], Consumed worldwide by billions of people, wheat is a significant food for human nutrition, particularly in the least developed countries where wheat products are primary foods. [122] In addition, the better economic profitability of other crops such as soybeans and maize, linked with investment in modern genetic technologies, has promoted shifts to other crops. They can also damage the crop late in the season by eating the grain from the mature spike. [73], Apart from mutant versions of genes selected in antiquity during domestication, there has been more recent deliberate selection of alleles that affect growth characteristics. Heterosis or hybrid vigor (as in the familiar F1 hybrids of maize) occurs in common (hexaploid) wheat, but it is difficult to produce seed of hybrid cultivars on a commercial scale as is done with maize because wheat flowers are perfect in the botanical sense, meaning they have both male and female parts, and normally self-pollinate. [41] Root growth is likely to be prioritised in drought-adapted crops, while stem non-structural carbohydrate is prioritised in varieties developed for countries where disease is a bigger issue. When the use of seed drills replaced broadcasting sowing of seed in the 18th century, another great increase in productivity occurred. Sharbati Atta (normally also formerly termed as MP Atta) is a regional variety of Wheat Grain. Harvested wheat grain that enters trade is classified according to grain properties for the purposes of the commodity markets. It mainly produced in Madhya Pradesh. [28] The first identifiable bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) with sufficient gluten for yeasted breads has been identified using DNA analysis in samples from a granary dating to approximately 1350 BCE at Assiros in Macedonia. G raw sweet potato [2][10] When eaten as the whole grain, wheat is a healthy food source of multiple nutrients and dietary fiber recommended for children and adults, in several daily servings containing a variety of foods that meet whole grain-rich criteria. Should not be digested classification systems used for wheat species in another telescoping fashion until the transition to lokwan wheat wikipedia. Of stages is also important to identify crop stages, with the Feekes and scales. 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