New York: Cambridge University Press 1994. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBrading1971 (, Kuethe, Allan J. The laws were the first codified set of laws governing the behavior of Spanish settlers in the Americas, particularly with regards to treatment of native Indians in the institution of the encomienda. "Not a Man of Contradiction: Zumárraga as Protector and Inquisitor of the Indigenous People of Central Mexico." [42], The spectacular conquests of central Mexico (1519-21) and Peru (1532) sparked Spaniards' hopes of finding yet another high civilization. In 1680, the colony was nearly destroyed when the Pueblos, rose in revolt. [citation needed] The overwhelming cause of the decline in both Mexico and Peru was infectious diseases, such as smallpox and measles,[130] although the brutality of the Encomienda also played a significant part in the population decline. There is debate about the impact of ranching on the environment in the colonial era, with sheep herding being called out for its negative impact, while other contest that. Many institutions established in Castile found expression in The Indies from the early colonial period. [100] Until the eighteenth century, there were just two viceroyalties, with the Viceroyalty of New Spain (founded 1535) administering North America, a portion of the Caribbean, and the Philippines, and the viceroyalty of Peru (founded 1542) having jurisdiction over Spanish South America. From decades of research, he made estimates for the pre-contact population and the history of demographic decline during the Spanish and post-Spanish periods. The United States took occupation of Cuba, the Philippines, and Puerto Rico. Spaniards spent over 25 years in the Caribbean where their initial high hopes of dazzling wealth gave way to continuing exploitation of disappearing indigenous populations, exhaustion of local gold mines, initiation of cane sugar cultivation as an export product, and importation of African slaves as a labor force. [134] In the Andes, Viceroy Francisco de Toledo revived the indigenous rotary labor system of the mita to supply labor for silver mining. Comparing European and Native American cultures. During the Spanish colonization in the Philippines , the government was composed of two branches, the executive and the judicial. 6. The expansion of Spain’s territory took place under the Catholic Monarchs Isabella of Castile, Queen of Castile and her husband King Ferdinand, King of Aragon, whose marriage marked the beginning of Spanish power beyond the Iberian peninsula. "The 1539 inquisition and trial of Don Carlos of Texcoco in early Mexico.". Works by historians in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries have expanded the understanding of the impact of the Spanish conquest and changes during the more than three hundred years of Spanish rule. 1, pp. These could be sold in markets and thereby converted to cash. The Mixtecs of colonial Oaxaca: Ñudzahui history, sixteenth through eighteenth centuries. Burkholder, Mark A. and Lyman L. Johnson. Among the foodstuffs that became staples in European cuisine and could be grown there were tomatoes, squashes, bell peppers, and to a lesser extent in Europe chili peppers; also nuts of various kinds: Walnuts, cashews, pecans, and peanuts. [68] To these political functions of the governor, it could be joined the military ones, according to military requirements, with the rank of Captain general. Although implementation was slow and incomplete, it was an assertion of royal power over the clergy and the quality of parish priests improved, since the Ordenanza mandated competitive examination to fill vacant positions. The only laws created in the Philippines are those who were ordered by the Governor General. With the conquests of the Aztec and Inca empires, large numbers of Spaniards emigrated from the Iberian peninsula to seek their fortune or to pursue better economic conditions for themselves. Once on the mainland, where there were dense indigenous populations in urban settlements, the Spanish could build a Spanish settlement on the same site, dating its foundation to when that occurred. Spanish, English, and French Settlements” The French, Spanish, and English all tried to colonize the Western Hemisphere. Crown approval through the Council of the Indies was needed for the establishment of bishoprics, building of churches, appointment of all clerics. Another major export product was cochineal, a color-fast red dye made from dried bugs living on cacti. Spanish colonial missions in North America are significant because so many were established and they had lasting effects on the cultural landscape. Oñate’s harsh treatment of the natives (who greatly out-, numbered the small Spanish population) threatened the stabil-, ity of the new colony and led to his removal as governor in, 1606. 1 (2012): 26-40. [107], Spanish settlers sought to live in towns and cities, with governance being accomplished through the town council or Cabildo. Corregidores collected the tribute from indigenous communities and regulated forced indigenous labor. What can be called the visions of the vanquished, indigenous accounts written in the sixteenth century, are a rare case of history being written by those other than the victors. Muldoon, James. Large deposits were found in a single mountain in the viceroyalty of Peru, the Cerro Rico, in what is now Bolivia, and in several places outside of the dense indigenous zone of settlement in northern Mexico, Zacatecas and Guanajuato. [126] The crown expelled the Jesuits from Spain and The Indies in 1767 during the Bourbon Reforms. Patterns set in this early period of exploration and colonization were to endure as Spain expanded further, even as the region became less important in the overseas empire after the conquests of Mexico and Peru.[18]. Archbishop Juan Rodríguez de Fonseca, Isabella's confessor, was tasked with reining in Columbus's independence. Each order set up networks of parishes in the various regions (provinces), sited in existing indigenous settlements, where Christian churches were built and where evangelization of the indigenous was based. Spanish Colonization Cont. To satisfy his debts to the Welsers, he granted them the right to colonize and exploit western Venezuela, with the proviso that they found two towns with 300 settlers each and construct fortifications. Cook, Noble David. This is though to have been the result of an increasingly harsh climate to the south, and the lack of a populous and sedentary indigenous population to settle among for the Spanish in the fjords and channels of Patagonia. [62], The politics of asserting royal authority to oppose Columbus resulted in the suppression of his privileges and the creation of territorial governance under royal authority. These began a movement for colonial independence that spread to Spain's other colonies in the Americas. During the Bourbon era, even when the crown systematically appointed peninsular-born Spaniards to royal posts rather than American-born, the cabildos remained in the hands of local elites. ...A third factor, which strongly intensified the effect of the other two, was the social and physical disruption visited upon the Indian. 1531); Guadalajara (1531-42); Valladolid (now Morelia), (1529-41); Antequera (now Oaxaca(1525-29); Campeche (1541); and Mérida. These were often led by secondary leaders, such as Pedro de Alvarado. It is futile to speculate on the particular characteristics of the Asian societies that might have emerged in the archipelago if the laws of development operating within the social units then existing had not been drastically modified by colonialism. In the following years the conquistadors and indigenous allies extended control over Greater Andes Region. Spanish colonization of the Philippines started in 1565 during the time of Miguel Lopez de Legazpi, the first Spanish governor-general in the Philippines. [105] Besides court of justice, the Audiencias had functions of government as counterweight the authority of the viceroys, since they could communicate with both the Council of the Indies and the king without the requirement of requesting authorization from the viceroy. The crown aimed to prevent the formation of an aristocracy in the Indies not under crown control. The crown established control over trade and emigration to the Indies with the 1503 establishment the Casa de Contratación (House of Trade) in Seville. The Spanish migrants established, a colony in what is now New Mexico, modeled roughly on those, the Spanish had created farther south. ers). Spanish colonial efforts succeeded in areas with densely populated Indian towns and cities, such as those of the … [79], The conquest of the Aztec and Inca empires ended their sovereignty over their respective territorial expanses, replaced by the Spanish Empire. Spanish conquerors holding grants of indigenous labor in encomienda ruthlessly exploited them. [112] In order to control the municipal life, the Crown ordered the appointment of corregidores and alcaldes mayores to exert greater political control and judicial functions in minor districts. Spanish possession and rule of its remaining colonies in the Americas ended in that year with its sovereignty transferred to the United States. Cañeque, Alejandro "The Political and Institutional History of Colonial Spanish America", Weber, David J. This is the currently selected item. "Viceroyalty, Viceroy" in, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFEncyclopedia_of_Latin_and_mexicpo_is_the_best_History_and_Culture1996 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFLockhartSchwartz1983 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFBennassar2001 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFGibson1966 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFAltmanClineJavier_Pescador2003 (, Ramírez, Susan E. "Missions: Spanish America" in, sfn error: no target: CITEREFBrading1993 (, Don, Patricia Lopes. They founded most colonies in the east of the U.S.A, and many Caribbean islands. As many as 60 salaried soldiers were garrisoned in presidios. The Americas were invaded and incorporated into the Spanish Empire, with the exception of Brazil, British America, and some small regions in South America and the Caribbean. Although today Buenos Aires at the mouth of Rio de la Plata is a major metropolis, it held no interest for Spaniards and the 1535-36 settlement failed and was abandoned by 1541. Estimated that in the 16th century about 240,000 Spaniards imigrated to the Americas, and in the 17th century about 500,000 During Spain's colonization, many of the places they colonized populations dropped. The profits from Spanish expedition flowed to Castile. [119], The other frontier institution was the religious mission to convert the indigenous populations. • What characteristics of Spanish colonization would account for Spain’s preference for already-settled regions? Spanish universities expanded to train lawyer-bureaucrats (letrados) for administrative positions in Spain and its overseas empire. In the twentieth century, Garatuza's life was the subject of a 1935 film[157] and a 1986 telenovela, Martín Garatuza. [16][17] For the conquest era, two names of Spaniards are generally known because they led the conquests of high indigenous civilizations, Hernán Cortés, leader of the expedition that conquered the Aztecs of Central Mexico, and Francisco Pizarro, leader of the conquest of the Inca in Peru. "Blasco Núñez Vela" in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. The cities were Spanish and the countryside indigenous. Intermarriage. Spaniards persuaded the leaders of subordinate city-states and one city-state never conquered by the Aztecs, Tlaxcala, to join them in huge numbers, with thousands, perhaps tens of thousands of indigenous warriors. 1500–1850), Timeline of imperialism § Colonization of North America, "Victimario Histórico Militar Capítulo IX De las 16 mayores Guerras y Genocidios del siglo XVI de 60.000 a 3.000.000 de muertos", "DEATH BY GOVERNMENT Chapter 3 Pre-Twentieth Century Democide", "Interacciones entre españoles de Chiloé y Chonos en los siglos XVII y XVIII: Pedro y Francisco Delco, Ignacio y Cristóbal Talcapillán y Martín Olleta", Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture 1996, "Su Majestad quiere gobernar: la Administración española en Indias durante los siglos XVI y XVII", "Las instituciones políticas en la región de Cuyo", "El gobierno y la imagen de la Monarquía Hispánica en los viajeros de los siglos XVI y XVII. The Spanish founded San Sebastián de Uraba in 1509 but abandoned it within the year. The main Spanish motives for colonization were for Gold, God and Glory. Charles sought to be elected Holy Roman Emperor and was willing to pay whatever it took to achieve that. The dis-, content among the natives at this suppression survived for, decades. They were licenses to exact labor and, tribute from the natives in specifi c areas (a system fi rst used in, dealing with the Moors in Spain). Vol. After the 1550s, the crown increasingly favored the diocesan clergy over the religious orders. The crown enacted Laws of Burgos (1513) and the Requerimiento to curb the power of the Spanish conquerors and give indigenous populations the opportunity to peacefully embrace Spanish authority and Christianity. The Spanish period. It consisted of a number of opposing views about the way natives were to be integrated into colonial life, their conversion to Christianity and their rights and obligations. From the Spanish viewpoint, their source of labor and viability of their own settlements was at risk. Dominican friar Antonio de Montesinos denounced Spanish cruelty and abuse in a sermon in 1511, which comes down to us in the writings of Dominican friar Bartolomé de las Casas. "Nicolás de Ovando" in, sfn error: no target: CITEREFGóngora1998 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFLagos_Carmona1985 (, sfn error: no target: CITEREFHistoria_general_de_España1992 (, harvnb error: no target: CITEREFChipman2005 (, sfnm error: no target: CITEREFChipman2005 (. The Spanish network needed a port city so that inland settlements could be connected by sea to Spain. Sought tight control from the crown and wanted to convert many Natives. [43] In 1561, Pedro de Ursúa led an expedition of some 370 Spanish (including women and children) into Amazonia to search for El Dorado. The Franciscans took over some former Jesuit missions and continued the expansion of areas incorporated into the empire. [33], Southward colonization by the Spanish in Chile halted after the conquest of Chiloé Archipelago in 1567. There were few permanent settlements, but Spaniards settled the coastal islands of Cubagua and Margarita to exploit the pearl beds. 5, p. 253. A checkerboard pattern radiated outward. Hispanic American Historical Review 50.4 (1970): 645-664. In Mexico during the sixteenth-century Chichimec War guarded the transit of silver from the mines of Zacatecas to Mexico City. The main motivations for colonial expansion were profit through resource extraction[1] and the spread of Catholicism through indigenous conversions. The loss of indigenous population had a direct impact on Spaniards as well, since increasingly they saw those populations as a source of their own wealth, disappearing before their eyes.[53]. Although often the participants, conquistadors, are now termed “soldiers”, they were not paid soldiers in ranks of an army, but rather soldiers of fortune, who joined an expedition with the expectation of profiting from it. In the early period for Spaniards, formal ownership of land was less important than control of indigenous labor and receiving tribute. The colonization it is a form of domination in which two groups intervene: a dominating group, also known as colonial power, and a dominated group that submits to the will of the dominator. A second (and permanent) settlement was established in 1580 by Juan de Garay, who arrived by sailing down the Paraná River from Asunción, now the capital of Paraguay. The Nahuas after the Conquest. [99], In 1721, at the beginning of the Bourbon monarchy, the crown transferred the main responsibility for governing the overseas empire from the Council of the Indies to the Ministry of the Navy and the Indies, which were subsequently divided into two separate ministries in 1754. Spalding, Karen. He then founded the settlement of Isabela on the island they named Hispaniola (now divided into Haiti and the Dominican Republic). 5, pp. [135][136][137] In Mexico, the labor force had to be lured from elsewhere in the colony, and was not based on traditional systems of rotary labor. The Spanish brought new crops for cultivation. While they all shared a desire for wealth and power, their motivations for colonization differed somewhat, and thus the pattern and success of their colonies varied significantly. In 1821 Treaty of Córdoba established Mexican independence from Spain and concluded the War. Mercury was a monopoly of the crown. The Libertadores (Spanish and Portuguese for "Liberators") were the principal leaders of the Spanish American wars of independence. The Spanish conquistadores and colonial empire. This preview shows page 16 - 18 out of 32 pages. De Austrias a Borbones", Encyclopedia of Latin and mexicpo is the best History and Culture 1996, Historiography of Colonial Spanish America, Indigenous Reducciones and Spanish Resettlement: Placing Colonial and European History in Dialogue, Indigenous Puerto Rico DNA evidence upsets established history, “The Political Force of Images,” Vistas: Visual Culture in Spanish America, 1520–1820, Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact theories, Independence of Spanish continental Americas, Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, northernmost France, Law of coartación (which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas&oldid=1005290703, Spanish exploration in the Age of Discovery, History of indigenous peoples of the Americas, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from February 2021, Articles with unsourced statements from November 2016, Articles containing Spanish-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2018, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2010, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. [124] Other notable historical figures in the production are Malinche, Cortés cultural translator, and other conquerors Pedro de Alvarado, Cristóbal de Olid, Bernal Díaz del Castillo. G. KARAGATAN - A poetic vehicle of socio-religious nature celebrated during the death of a person. Viceroys were of high social standing, almost without exception born in Spain, and served fixed terms. [56] The crown sought to establish and maintain control over its overseas possessions through a complex, hierarchical bureaucracy, which in many ways was decentralized. [98] With the 1508 papal grant to the crown of the Patronato real, the crown, rather than the pope, exercised absolute power over the Catholic Church in the Americas and the Philippines, a privilege the crown zealously guarded against erosion or incursion. The establishment of large, permanent Spanish settlements attracted a whole range of new residents, who set up shop as carpenters, bakers, tailors and other artisan activities. Lawyers for these cases were funded by a half-real tax, an early example of legal aid for the poor. Fernando, Irish Nicole N. BSIT 3 Philippine History Reflection (Philippine History Lessons) Among the lessons that I had in this class, it was about the Effects of the Spanish Colonization topic that focuses on the discovery of the Philippine archipelago that I really liked. [78] In Mexico, Don Martín Cortés, the son and legal heir of conqueror Hernán Cortés, and other heirs of encomiendas led a failed revolt against the crown. Treasury officials were supposed to be paid out of the income from the province, and were normally prohibited from engaging in income-producing activities.[73]. 142-43. The Spanish colonization of the Americas began under the Crown of Castile and spearheaded by the Spanish conquistadors.The Americas were invaded and incorporated into the Spanish Empire, with the exception of Brazil, British America, and some small regions in South America and the Caribbean.The crown created civil and religious structures to administer this vast territory. Practice: Spanish colonization. In the extension of Spanish sovereignty to its overseas territories, authority for expeditions (entradas) of discovery, conquest, and settlement resided in the monarchy. There was surface gold found in early islands, and holders of encomiendas put the indigenous to work panning for it.