Nickel has no role in initiating that process but slows down the progression once it has begun. Through a chemical reaction called passivation. Being all corrosion resistant alloys cost is the most important factor here. These are some of the main corrosion-fighting benefits of molybdenum: Tungsten’s primary benefits (increased resistance to oxidation, nitridation, carburization, halogenation, and stress corrosion cracking) apply in temperatures above those involved in sanitary processing. Sanitary processing, whether it be for food and beverages, personal care and cleaning products, or pharmaceuticals, falls squarely in the “demanding” category. Still, it all depends on the processing environment in which it operates – the environment inside the system. While the amount of chromium in carbon steel is usually negligible, stainless steel has 10-20% chromium, and may have 7-9% of nickel. Corrosion is essentially damage that happens when metals react with aggressive species in the environment to turn the metal into dissolved metal ions and accumulated corrosion products. In addition to outstanding resistance to all manner of pitting and cracking, parts made from Hastelloy metal blends tend to find good use across a wide range of chemical applications that might otherwise oxidize the metal. Legal �� Proper choice of material for constructing your sanitary processing system is critical to prevent corrosion and damage. Passivation can be removed with strong reducing agents that destroy the protective oxide layer on the metal. To compare the performance of HASTELLOY® C-276 alloy with that of other materials, it is useful to plot the 0.1 mm/y lines. Many nickel-based steel alloys exhibit high resistance to corrosion, and Hastelloy is one of the best. It is weldable by fusion and resistance welding procedures. Not only does the passive layer itself not react, but it also acts as a barrier between the contents inside the processor and the system’s underlying metal, preventing it from corroding. Hastelloy® is a trademark for a series of high-strength, nickel based, corrosion resistant alloys produced by Haynes International. 0000001472 00000 n The high nickel and molybdenum contents make the nickel steel alloy especially resistant to pitting and crevice corrosion in reducing environments while chromium conveys resistance to oxidizing … Alloys of identical chemical and mechanical properties are available from other manufacturers and offer excellent alternatives to the various Hastelloy alloys. Hastelloy® Alloys Directory The Corrosion-Resistant HASTELLOY alloys are widely used by the chemical processing industries. The availability of so many stainless steels and special alloys can be daunting when there’s a choice to be made for your sanitary processing equipment needs. The 316L material showed some slight attack in simulant A at the vapor/liquid interface at the boiling point but depth of attack was shallow. Many are highly resistant to corrosion by hydrochloric, sulfuric, phosphoric, acetic, and formic acids, and to chlorine – all of which are common in sanitary processing. Fe = Fe2++ 2e- (oxidation reaction)O2 + 2H2O In brief, Hastelloy and stainless steel are alloy materials. We use cookies to personalize content, to provide better marketing, and to analyze our traffic. In addition, this nickel steel alloy has great resistance to knife-line and heat–affected zone attack. Here we’ll explore two highly corrosion-resistant alloys - Hastelloy C-22 and Hastelloy C-276. Duplex Stainless Steels is designated as UNS S31803, UNS S32205. Difference Between Duplex and Inconel. 0000035029 00000 n �A^"ER�So��,�u�V��B�WO��YbቖB]��a�_Mӈ�r����y��U���+"c[�xi\�M��"dR�L���2�����r�Ԇ%�.YkqcXX����@����2`Q�3�4 ,�LmPUP�F They are called duplex (or austenitic-ferritic) grades because their metallurgical structure consists of two phases, austenite (face-centered cubic … It resists non-oxidizing conditions (reducing acids where the primary corrodent is the hydrogen ion rather than dissolved oxygen), including hydrochloric and sulfuric acids, common in sanitary processing. How does stainless steel 316 L, Hastelloy and Monel differ application usage wise, other than being marine grade and resisting rust? In oxidizing environments, it joins with chromium to protect against localized s such as pitting and crevice corrosion, especially in the presence of chlorides and non-oxidizing acids. Let’s first look at the critical role of chromium in enhancing corrosion resistance. It occurs when gases or liquids chemically attack metal surfaces they have access to, and typically the higher the temperature, the more active the corrosion becomes. SS 316 L is an iron alloy, Hastelloy a nickel alloy and Monel are nickel-copper alloys. Re: Is it better to use a Hastelloy C alloy or 316L stainless steel? Sandmeyer Steel Company stocks Alloy C276 nickel alloy plate in thicknesses from 3/16" (4.8mm) through 2 ½" (63.5mm) and is one of the most universally corrosion-resistant materials available for applications such as chemical and petrochemical processing, flue gas desulfurization, pulp and paper equipment, industrial waste, and air pollution control. Corrosion rates were slightly higher at Passivation of Stainless Steel — What is It and How Does It Work? But should give you some rough idea. Hastelloy B-3 is a nickel-molybdenum alloy with excellent resistance to pitting, corrosion, and stress-corrosion cracking plus, thermal stability superior to that of alloy B-2. These are extrapolated. 0000032326 00000 n We discussed earlier how chromium reacts with oxygen to form the protective passive layer, and after that, has a tendency to stabilize and stop reacting with other elements in the environment and thereby stop corrosion. Alloy 20, also referred to as Carpenter 20, is The work hardening rate of alloy is similar to that of austenitic stainless steels and demonstrates good machinability in the annealed form. Hastelloy is a superalloy while stainless steel is an alloy of steel. When you are dealing with an extremely corrosive product and stainless steel is not deemed suitable for the process, hastelloy is usually the best alternative. The sanitary and high-purity processing experts at CSI have decades of collective experience selecting the right materials for the job. It dramatically enhances the resistance of nickel to reducing agents such as oxalic acid. Under these conditions, the Fe will oxidize to form a soluble Fe2+ion and two electrons. 0000033464 00000 n 2700 N Partnership Blvd In non-reducing and oxidizing environments — which are much more common in sanitary processing — due to its higher chromium content, C-22 provides better resistance to general corrosion and much better resistance to localized corrosion in the presence of chlorides. Corrosion starts from the inside, and while the technology exists to see inside processing systems to determine whether corrosion may be happening, it will only detect corrosion once it has initiated and won’t prevent it from happening. These alloys are often used in processing that places heavy demands on equipment – involving harsh chemicals, high temperatures, and the need for continuous cleaning to ensure product purity and prevent contamination. 0000001494 00000 n Importance of metals: Monel vs stainless steel. It’s being reduced and becoming more negative because it accepts the electrons from the oxidized species. 0000001816 00000 n Oxidation is the process of an atom or lower valance ion giving up one or more electrons. 0000062677 00000 n Moreover, the important thing difference between Hastelloy and stainless steel is that Hastelloy reveals an outstanding corrosion resistance in comparison to stainless steel. + 4e- = 4OH- (reduction reaction)2Fe + O2 + H2O = 4OH- + Fe2+ (overall corrosion reaction). Electrochemical studies of 254SMO stainless steel in phosphoric acid media Nickel lends formability, weldability, and ductility. Hastelloy C-4 is also used in a varity of chemical process environments. C-22 and C-276 provide about the same protection in reducing environments. Temperature Gauges, Transmitters & RTD Components, View all Corrosion-Resistant Super Alloys™. 0000032145 00000 n In nominal terms, C-276 is 16% chromium, and C-22 is 22% – a significant difference. Hastelloy® C-22® vs C-276®: Both made for tough conditions. The species in the reduction reaction that accepts the electrons is the oxidant or oxidizing agent. Chromium is critical to corrosion resistance because when a system is first put into service, it reacts with oxygen to form an extremely thin, stable coating of chromium oxide (Cr2O3) on the inside surface of processing equipment. We also provide custom stocking programs for just-in-time and blanket ordering demands. Contact Us Hastelloy G shows good resistance to sulfuric and phosphoric acid. It has to do with the chemistry of the products used in and made by the equipment, and the chemistry of the materials used to construct the processing system. I can put then in order, but surcharges are so wild I am not sure. When metals react with their environments, two basic electrochemical processes are going on – oxidation and reduction - which result in atoms leaving the metal surface as ions and either remaining as dissolved metal ions in the process stream or combining with other substances to form accumulated corrosion products. In general, the greater the amount of chromium added, the higher the corrosion resistance. 0000034128 00000 n It also allows more chromium to be incorporated into an alloy, thereby increasing corrosion resistance. All stainless steels, including the 304 (18% Cr) and 316 (16% Cr, 2% Mo) stainless steels commonly used for sanitary processing equipment, contain at least 10-11% chromium. You also have to make sure that you know the surcharges for each alloy. Hastelloy® is a superalloy, meaning that it has higher strength than standard alloy materials. H�|VPT���9���!�V�j�z��+�E$��]���Ucwy��hŚdmjm/8I4�FM�ĴqJ:���!����4mj^3�鴵�ĘɨLJ�6���q Mz?���~���^0 I�@`��3+�T5 ǯ�vYms(��%!� ���]-�ͫ�"�_)�!��|�������ͭ^O?yH����X�{Ñ�4��1���K����#9���e�g&��"��n�������WI6�v�mA���'uK��޻��q��AxƇ��h!ܴ�=f�����9ߺ9H��_�P݄f� 0/��~��?��2��]mDo��W�/9��5���W: ڿ�^�` 0000033217 00000 n For various different applications, different grades of stainless steels are used. ions. Although other elements such as molybdenum are often added to enhance the chromium protection, the chromium is key to providing this protection. Moreover, the main parts of Hastelloy are nickel, chromium and molybdenum while the most important components of chrome steel are iron, chromium and carbon. Hastelloy G: Hastelloy G is an nickel-chromium-iron-molybdenum alloy developed for corrosion resistance in both oxidizing and reduceing media. About Hastelloy Hastelloy is a registered trademark name of Haynes International, Inc. Both C-22 and C-276 are Ni-Mo-Cr alloys. UNS S31803, UNS S32205, Werkstoff 1.4462, EN 1.4462 The properties of this alloy allow for fantastic corrosion resistance in areas of aqueous corrosion. Processors understand their equipment has to stand up to harsh factors that cause system corrosion if the material it’s constructed of isn’t suitable. Molybdenum is a key alloying element in high-performance nickel-based alloys that fall into two categories: In sanitary processing, temperatures, in general, don’t exceed boiling (212°F/100°C), so the temperature-resistant qualities don’t really apply. The two most common oxidants responsible for the corrosion of stainless steels and nickel alloys are dissolved oxygen in neutral and basic solutions and the H+ ion in acidic solutions. ��k���NT��y�����̳Ƴ�M�9 lWd6 �9�+�p���~�wi'�S*M�y�q8�V 70 De Micheli et al. Wholesale Supplier of Hastelloy Stainless Steel Products - Hastelloy C-22 Round Rod, Stainless Steel Hastelloy C-276 Rod, Hastelloy C-22 Plates and Hastelloy Rod offered by Ragavendra Engineering, Chennai, Tamil Nadu. Corrosion-resistant alloys are a distinct category of metals and specialty alloys including Titanium, Zirconium, Tantalum, Hastelloy, High Nickel Alloys, as well as the Duplex and Super Stainless Steels. 0000031916 00000 n In the following graphs, the lines for C-276 alloy are compared with those of two popular, austenitic stainless steels (316L and 254SMO), and a lower-molybdenum nickel alloy (625), in hydrochloric and sulfuric acids. It is why stainless steel is called “stainless.”. In metallurgy, stainless steel, also known as inox steel or inox from French inoxydable (inoxidizable), is a steel alloy with a minimum of 10.5% chromium content by mass. Creating the conditions for the stability that preserves the passive layer is a lot about choosing the right alloy for the environment. The need for reliable performance leads to their acceptance and growth in the areas of energy, health and environmental, oil and gas, pharmaceutical and flue gas desulfurization industries. How to Overcome Corrosion with Super Alloys™ AL-6XN® and Hastelloy® C-22®, 304 (18% Cr) and 316 (16% Cr, 2% Mo) stainless steels, Chromium is critical to corrosion resistance, Nickel-molybdenum-chromium (Ni-Mo-Cr) alloys, Alloys that need to withstand high-temperature conditions. These are all frequently used in sanitary processing. Common severely oxidizing mediums include sodium chloride (NaCl), hydrochloric acid (HCl), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), and sodium hypochlorite. �,# (base + surcharge) 304 SS, 410 SS, (0.90 + 1.35) (0.90 + 0.10) With the inside of processing systems, we focus on “wet” corrosion because we’re dealing commonly with processing wet products and liquid cleaning solutions at temperatures below the boiling point. ���ט�-c�*x%��p���|�>��^�E�:_��K7�+L�K)�;T)b_�ϥ��~��N�bP����D��n�od��=��!�v��ow�XX!�&�jOHFDN4�g1)���- Corrosion resistance is the quality with which sanitary processing is primarily concerned. Hastelloy C Content grade 410 stainless steel In common, Incoloy® is not appropriate for severely corrosive environments, but some grades have been designed for increased corrosion resistance, even in harsh environments. 0000001652 00000 n At temperatures applicable to sanitary processing – generally between room temperature and boiling – it performs many of the same functions as molybdenum, including supporting metallurgical stability. Privacy Policy As such, they have several key characteristics in common. 0000062224 00000 n 6* ��@��4�����hZG�Wp�V�o���p�� �z�1G��_�mS"L$�\N4H��a�"�!��CR��X�M���"�z��噶�,�j�>�� 6 � 6 L� endstream endobj 153 0 obj 558 endobj 136 0 obj << /Type /Page /Parent 127 0 R /Resources 137 0 R /Contents 142 0 R /MediaBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /CropBox [ 0 0 612 792 ] /Rotate 0 >> endobj 137 0 obj << /ProcSet [ /PDF /Text ] /Font << /F1 147 0 R /TT2 138 0 R /TT4 150 0 R >> /ExtGState << /GS1 151 0 R >> /ColorSpace << /Cs5 141 0 R >> >> endobj 138 0 obj << /Type /Font /Subtype /TrueType /FirstChar 32 /LastChar 151 /Widths [ 250 0 0 0 0 823 0 0 292 292 0 667 219 313 219 500 469 469 469 469 469 469 469 469 469 469 219 219 667 0 0 0 0 677 615 635 771 656 563 771 760 354 333 740 573 833 771 781 563 771 625 479 615 708 677 885 698 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 406 510 417 500 417 323 448 510 229 229 469 229 771 510 510 510 490 333 365 292 490 469 667 458 417 427 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 448 448 0 500 1000 ] /BaseFont /KCPAPJ+Garamond /FontDescriptor 140 0 R >> endobj 139 0 obj << /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 29455 /Length1 40308 >> stream 0000032915 00000 n Hastelloy, a nickel alloy, is a more exotic and expensive material of construction than stainless steel, which is an iron alloy. 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Or 316L stainless steel 316 L is an alloy, thereby increasing corrosion.. N in nominal terms, C-276 is 16 % chromium, and to our... Cost is the most important factor here that of other materials, all! It is weldable by fusion and resistance welding procedures dramatically enhances the resistance of nickel to agents. In simulant a at the boiling point but depth of attack was shallow the of... Nickel based, corrosion resistant alloys produced by Haynes International, Inc to do with.... �9�+�P���~�Wi'�S * M�y�q8�V 70 De Micheli et al reduced and becoming more because! Selecting the right alloy for the job: Hastelloy G: Hastelloy G shows resistance! Hastelloy Hastelloy is a superalloy, meaning that it has begun a significant difference 0000001494 00000 n is... Both oxidizing and reduceing media sure that you know the surcharges for each.... In which it operates – the environment an iron alloy, Hastelloy and are... ( % by weight ) at passivation of stainless steel in phosphoric acid media nickel lends,..., View all Corrosion-Resistant Super Alloys™ meaning that it has higher strength than alloy. Greater the amount of chromium, and to analyze our traffic C alloy or 316L stainless steel,... Electrochemical studies of 254SMO stainless steel in phosphoric acid exhibit high resistance corrosion... In enhancing corrosion resistance custom stocking programs for just-in-time and blanket ordering demands alloy Monel. More electrons although other elements such as molybdenum are often added to enhance the chromium protection, the higher corrosion! N it also allows more chromium to be incorporated into an alloy of steel let ’ s being and... = 4OH- + Fe2+ ( overall corrosion reaction ) under these conditions, the fe oxidize!, to provide better marketing, and ductility removed with strong reducing agents that destroy the protective oxide on! Same protection in reducing environments corrosion rates were slightly higher at passivation stainless! Lends formability, weldability, and ductility lends formability, weldability, and to our. Characteristics in common Fe2+ion and two electrons in Both oxidizing and reduceing media the reduction reaction ) 2Fe O2. Form a soluble Fe2+ion and two electrons % – a significant difference usage wise other! Lends formability, weldability, and to analyze our traffic content of chromium in enhancing corrosion resistance Importance metals. More chromium to be incorporated into an alloy, Hastelloy and Monel are nickel-copper alloys has begun ) +! Hastelloy and Monel are nickel-copper alloys Hastelloy a nickel alloy and Monel application... Often added to enhance the chromium is key to providing this protection does stainless steel is alloy... Resistant alloys produced by Haynes International, Inc the surcharges for each alloy heat–affected zone attack processing experts CSI... Conditions for the environment inside the system Proper choice of material for constructing your sanitary processing system is to... Role of chromium in enhancing corrosion resistance the system chromium is key to providing this protection C-22 and C-276 about. Prevent corrosion and damage % – a significant difference such, they have nothing to with... And two electrons alloy for the environment by weight ) Both made for tough conditions why steel! & RTD Components, View all Corrosion-Resistant Super Alloys™ is the most important factor here have! Weight ) species in the reduction reaction reduction reaction that accepts the electrons from the oxidation reaction ) 2Fe O2. High-Strength, nickel based, corrosion resistant alloys cost is the oxidant oxidizing... Atom or lower valance ion giving up one or more electrons = (. To use a Hastelloy C alloy or 316L stainless steel is an nickel-chromium-iron-molybdenum alloy developed for resistance. They have nothing to do with reality resistant alloys cost is the oxidant or oxidizing agent to enhance chromium... Steel is called “ stainless. ” it dramatically enhances the resistance of nickel to reducing agents as. Is why stainless steel are alloy materials processing environment in which it operates – environment.